![]() James Davison Hunter, a sociologist at the University of Virginia, introduced the expression again in his 1991 publication, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. In subsequent decades during the 20th century, the term was published occasionally in American newspapers. It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the Roaring '20s, culminating in the presidential campaign of Al Smith in 1928. This followed several decades of immigration to the States by people who earlier European immigrants considered 'alien'. This usage originated in the 1920s when urban and rural American values came into closer conflict. In American usage, "culture war" may imply a conflict between those values considered traditionalist or conservative and those considered progressive or liberal. The translation was printed in some American newspapers at the time. In German, Kulturkampf, a term coined by Rudolf Virchow, refers to the clash between cultural and religious groups in the campaign from 1871 to 1878 under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of the German Empire against the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. The term culture war is a loan translation ( calque) of the German Kulturkampf ('culture struggle'). 2.4 2014–present: Broadening of the culture war.
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